Four-winged birds? First fossils identified

Yike Xu / Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature /

This sample of Sapeornis shows traces of feathers on the ancient bird's hind limbs.

By Nidhi Subbaraman

The ancestor of the modern crow and turkey was a four-winged bird ? in addition to the normal flappers, it had plumed legs which probably helped with aerial guidance.

Eleven samples culled from the vast fossils stores of the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature in China show well-preserved feathers in five different species of early birds and bird-like dinos. Plush leg feathers have previously only been spotted in fossils of flying dinosaurs, like the four-winged microraptor.

Xing Xu, a?paleontologist?at the?Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,?was the first to point out fossil evidence of the microraptor's leggy plumage. He now led the team that shows that downy legs were shared by groups of early birds ? which are almost indistinguishable from the tiny dinos, except for certain tail structure and other traits ? too.

"This is what the ancestors of robins and chickens all went through," Thomas Holtz, a paleontologist at the University of Maryland told NBC News. "It tells us that we can look at animals like microraptor and anchiornis and they're still giving us information about modern birds."

The fact that Xu and his team found evidence of leg feathers in a few different species of different sizes tells Holtz that leg plumage was fairly common. "We?re really seeing how widespread this condition was," he says. "It?s really clarifying that it isn?t a weird side branch."

Rongshan Li

An artist's reconstruction of Sapeornis.

When the microraptor and other feathered raptor dinosaurs were spotted, their appearance strongly hinted that they were precursors to modern birds. The question at the time, Holtz explained, was: "Were we seeing something that was common, that was at the base of the family tree of birds and dinos? Or were they independent?" The new samples are more evidence to strengthen the link.

None of the groups of early birds that Xu and team describe are new. But this is the first time feathers have been identified, partly because the fossils have been preserved so well. The group presented its work in the journal Science on Thursday.?

Yike Xu / Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature

Feather evidence on Sapeornis, up close.

Xu is a fossil man with a long string of feathered hits. In fact, "Dr. Xu has been involved with the naming of more dinosaurs than anyone in history!"?Holtz wrote in an email to NBC News.?

Following the microraptor home run in 2003, he led a team that found anchiornis, another plumy raptor dino in 2005, and then in 2012 revealed the gigantic?Yutyrannus, a feathered relative of T. Rex.?Dinosaurs, one after the other, but now, a bird. "So this time when I saw sapeornis you can imagine my feelings," Xu told NBC News. "We have a whole story ? we can build a sequence to recover a pattern."

Xu says he would describe the feathered hind-limbs as "wings" in the general sense of the term. However, he does admit that the term usually "represents a very specialized structure," that includes muscle and bone adaptations for flight, which these new specimens don't have. Not on their legs, anyway.?

Did the leg feathers help the birds fly? They probably didn't give the birds lift, Xu and Holtz both surmise, but they may have helped steer, something modern birds pull off with muscles and feathers on their tail.

Once the tail rudder system showed up, that could have marked the end of feathered feet. "It looks like once they evolved a far more sophisticated method of steering, they don't need these long tail feathers any more, leaving their feet free for whatever they needed," Holtz explains.

One of the specimens described has what looks likes webbed tissue between the toes of the bird. Xu's theory is that that yanornis, the crow-sized bird with these duck-like toes, may have hopped down from the trees and begun living in or around water. If walking and swimming were what the bird was using its feet for, feathers would have just gotten in the way. And so they disappeared, he explained to NBC News.?

But not everyone is completely convinced that the feathers played any role in flight. "They don?t look like they have a slam dunk case,"?Michael Habib, of the University of Southern California told NBC News. Habib is a paleontologist who specializes in ancient flight mechanics through reconstruction. To him, the tufts on the ankles of some of the specimens don't look too different from the feathered, downy feet of owls or eagles who use those feathers for warmth rather than flight.

Also, the way Habib sees it, Xu's bird fossils are from the waning years of leg feathers, when they were gradually falling off. "It would not surprise me at all if a few years from now they were proven to be absolutely correct. I?m just not absolutely sure they?re correct now," he says. But it gives him hope that other, plumier fossils are still lurking in the vast drawers of the?Shandong Tianyu Museum.

More on birds and feathered dinosaurs:

Nidhi Subbaraman writes about science and technology. Follow on Google+, Twitter.?

Source: http://science.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/14/17303742-four-winged-birds-first-fossils-identified?lite

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